Definitions

Data refer to the research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Concepts

R&D (intramural) expenditure are compiled based on the findings of the National Survey of Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) which comprise all expenditures on R&D performed within the organisation during the reporting period. They include non-R&D expenditures made outside the organisation but in support of the R&D performed within the organisation. It excludes extramural R&D expenditures, which are the sums an organisation paid or committed to pay to another organisation for the performance of R&D.

Computational Method

(Total R&D expenditure) / (GDP at current prices) x 100%,
where both the numerator and denominator should be based on the same reference period.

Disaggregation

-

Data Source

Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)

Data Collection

R&D expenditure are compiled based on the findings of the National Survey of Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) which covers R&D activities of the private sector, government sector, institutes of higher learning and public research institutes.

Time Period

1990 onwards

Frequency

Annual

SDG Global Metadata

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-09-05-01.pdf

Indicator 9.5.1

Series