Definitions

Data refer to the research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Concepts

R&D (intramural) expenditure are compiled based on the findings of the National Survey of Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) which comprise all expenditures on R&D performed within the organisation during the reporting period. They include non-R&D expenditures made outside the organisation but in support of the R&D performed within the organisation. It excludes extramural R&D expenditures, which are the sums an organisation paid or committed to pay to another organisation for the performance of R&D.

Computational Method

(Total R&D expenditure) / (GDP at current prices) x 100%,
where both the numerator and denominator should be based on the same reference period.

Disaggregation

-

Data Source

Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)

Data Collection

R&D expenditure are compiled based on the findings of the National Survey of Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) which covers R&D activities of the private sector, government sector, institutes of higher learning and public research institutes.

Time Period

1990 onwards

Frequency

Annual

SDG Global Metadata

Link to United Nations SDG global metadata

Indicator 9.5.1